{"id":30432,"date":"2025-06-24T11:00:02","date_gmt":"2025-06-24T09:00:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dokdoc.eu\/?p=30432"},"modified":"2025-06-25T15:12:14","modified_gmt":"2025-06-25T13:12:14","slug":"une-occasion-ratee","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dokdoc.eu\/fr\/2025\/06\/24\/une-occasion-ratee\/","title":{"rendered":"Une occasion rat\u00e9e ?"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"Donald
Donald Tusk et Emmanuel Macron lors de la signature du Trait\u00e9 de Nancy, 9 mai 2025 (Copyright: Wikimedia commons)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Le trait\u00e9 d\u2019amiti\u00e9 franco-polonais sign\u00e9 \u00e0 Nancy le 9 mai dernier marque une nouvelle \u00e9tape dans l\u2019histoire des relations entre les deux pays. \u00c0 mi-chemin entre h\u00e9ritage europ\u00e9en et r\u00e9alit\u00e9s g\u00e9opolitiques, le trait\u00e9 suscite autant d\u2019espoirs que de doutes.<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Annonc\u00e9 depuis plusieurs ann\u00e9es, le \u00ab\u00a0Trait\u00e9<\/a> pour une coop\u00e9ration et une amiti\u00e9 renforc\u00e9e entre la R\u00e9publique de Pologne et la R\u00e9publique fran\u00e7aise\u00a0\u00bb a \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9 \u00e0 Nancy, \u00e0 l\u2019occasion de la Journ\u00e9e de l\u2019Europe, par le Premier ministre Donald Tusk et le Pr\u00e9sident Emmanuel Macron\u00a0: pour l\u2019occasion, l\u2019ancienne capitale de Stanislas Leszczy\u0144ski (Roi de Pologne 1704-1709 et 1733-1736) et Duc de Lorraine et de Bar (1737-1766) a offert un cadre prestigieux permettant de \u00ab\u00a0magnifier\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0l\u2019amiti\u00e9 s\u00e9culaire entre les deux \u00c9tats. Le trait\u00e9 compl\u00e8te le dispositif fran\u00e7ais destin\u00e9 \u00e0 densifier les relations bilat\u00e9rales avec les autres \u00ab\u00a0Grands\u00a0\u00bb de l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne\u00a0\u2013 l\u2019Allemagne (Aix-la-Chapelle, 22 janvier 2019), l\u2019Italie (Quirinal, 26 novembre 2021) et l\u2019Espagne (Barcelone, 19 janvier 2023). Tirant les cons\u00e9quences de l\u2019\u00e9volution g\u00e9opolitique intervenue depuis l\u2019adh\u00e9sion de la Pologne \u00e0 l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne (2004), il abroge le trait\u00e9 du 9 avril 1991 conclu au lendemain de la R\u00e9unification.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Une \u00ab\u00a0duplication\u00a0\u00bb du mod\u00e8le franco-allemand\u00a0?<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Compos\u00e9 de 19 articles tr\u00e8s \u00ab\u00a0touffus\u00a0\u00bb, le texte de Nancy est long\u00a0et donne l\u2019impression d\u2019un \u00ab\u00a0rattrapage diplomatique\u00a0\u00bb. C\u2019est du reste le sens de l\u2019\u00e9valuation faite par l\u2019Ambassadeur de Pologne en Allemagne, Jan Tombi\u0144ski<\/a>, pour qui l\u2019accord franco-polonais devait \u00eatre un \u00ab\u00a0miroir\u00a0\u00bb des Trait\u00e9s de l\u2019\u00c9lys\u00e9e et d\u2019Aix-la-Chapelle\u2026<\/p>\n

Il faut le rappeler ici\u00a0: le trait\u00e9 d\u2019Aix-la-Chapelle repr\u00e9sente un progr\u00e8s qualitatif majeur dans la relation franco-allemande. Structur\u00e9 en sept chapitres, il d\u00e9finit les orientations que les deux pays souhaitent donner \u00e0 leur \u00ab tandem \u00bb en Europe et au-del\u00e0. Cet exemple de concision aurait pu \u00eatre suivi dans le cadre du trait\u00e9 de Nancy\u00a0: il ne l\u2019a pas \u00e9t\u00e9. Au contraire, le texte \u00e9num\u00e8re une liste de th\u00e8mes si vaste qu\u2019elle soul\u00e8ve d\u2019embl\u00e9e des interrogations quant \u00e0 sa faisabilit\u00e9. \u00c0 l\u2019instar de la pratique franco-allemande, il propose la cr\u00e9ation de plusieurs m\u00e9canismes de concertation : sommet bilat\u00e9ral annuel, r\u00e9unions des ministres des Affaires \u00e9trang\u00e8res, ainsi que d\u2019autres formats aux niveaux gouvernemental et administratif (art. 1). Toutefois, la cr\u00e9ation d\u2019une Assembl\u00e9e parlementaire franco-polonaise (\u00e0 l\u2019image de l\u2019APFA<\/a>) n\u2019est pas pr\u00e9vue \u2013 malgr\u00e9 une \u00e9vocation en apostille de la diplomatie parlementaire. Une telle initiative rel\u00e8verait du reste du Sejm<\/em> et de l\u2019Assembl\u00e9e nationale, en vertu du principe de s\u00e9paration des pouvoirs.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Une \u00ab\u00a0ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 \u00bb\u00a0strat\u00e9gique\u00a0?<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Alors qu\u2019Emmanuel Macron a fr\u00e9quemment exprim\u00e9 ses doutes quant \u00e0 la solidit\u00e9 de l\u2019Alliance atlantique, l\u2019OTAN est cit\u00e9e \u00e0 de nombreuses reprises dans le trait\u00e9, t\u00e9moignant de l\u2019attachement de la Pologne au \u00ab parapluie \u00bb am\u00e9ricain \u2013 malgr\u00e9 Donald Trump. En d\u00e9pit de la \u00ab\u00a0posture europhile\u00a0\u00bb de la Plateforme Civique (PO), Varsovie ne semble donc gu\u00e8re envisager une \u00ab souverainet\u00e9 europ\u00e9enne \u00bb fond\u00e9e sur une autonomie politique et une capacit\u00e9 strat\u00e9gique distinctes des \u00c9tats-Unis. D\u2019ailleurs, m\u00eame si l\u2019article 2.4 affirme que les parties \u00ab \u0153uvrent activement \u00e0 une UE plus forte, s\u00fbre, souveraine \u00bb, l\u2019expression \u00ab souverainet\u00e9 europ\u00e9enne \u00bb ne figure pas dans le trait\u00e9 ! En tout \u00e9tat de cause, la coop\u00e9ration bilat\u00e9rale en mati\u00e8re de d\u00e9fense vise \u00e0 renforcer le \u00ab pilier europ\u00e9en \u00bb de l\u2019OTAN, pas \u00e0 construire un syst\u00e8me de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 int\u00e9gr\u00e9e entre les membres de l\u2019UE.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"Trait\u00e9
Trait\u00e9 de Nancy (Copyright : Landry Charrier \u2013 Capture d’\u00e9cran : \u00c9lys\u00e9e.fr)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

Sous le titre \u00ab S\u00e9curit\u00e9 et D\u00e9fense \u00bb, l\u2019article 4 du Trait\u00e9 se contente de reprendre les engagements d\u00e9j\u00e0 souscrits par les deux pays au sein de l\u2019OTAN et de l\u2019UE, sans r\u00e9elle valeur ajout\u00e9e franco-polonaise. On le sait, les \u00ab int\u00e9r\u00eats vitaux \u00bb de la France sont couverts par sa dissuasion nucl\u00e9aire, mais sa doctrine d\u2019emploi reste impr\u00e9cise et n\u2019inclut pas formellement la protection d\u2019autres pays europ\u00e9ens. Certes, la Pologne pourrait accueillir des avions Rafale<\/em> porteurs de bombes nucl\u00e9aires, mais une telle option n\u00e9cessiterait des n\u00e9gociations (qui devraient \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9vidence inclure l\u2019Allemagne).<\/p>\n

Dans le domaine de l\u2019armement, enfin, les aspects industriels et techniques demeurent l\u00e0 aussi suspendus \u00e0 des accords futurs, sans garantie de \u00ab pr\u00e9f\u00e9rence europ\u00e9enne \u00bb (qui rel\u00e8verait de Bruxelles). Les difficult\u00e9s rencontr\u00e9es au niveau franco-allemand \u2013 par exemple pour le Main Ground Combat System<\/em> \u2013 laissent pr\u00e9sager les d\u00e9fis d\u2019un programme franco-polonais, voire multilat\u00e9ral.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Un \u00ab\u00a0partenariat\u00a0\u00bb \u00e9conomique\u00a0? <\/strong><\/h2>\n

Alors que la Pologne s\u2019\u00e9tait engag\u00e9e en 2024 \u00e0 rejoindre la zone euro, cette perspective est absente du Trait\u00e9. Pourtant, un \u00ab parrainage \u00bb fran\u00e7ais pour accompagner la transition du Z\u0142oty \u00e0 l\u2019euro aurait permis de plaider conjointement en faveur d\u2019une r\u00e9forme de l\u2019Union \u00e9conomique et mon\u00e9taire (UEM), incluant une actualisation des objectifs et de la gouvernance de la Banque centrale europ\u00e9enne (BCE). De m\u00eame, la convergence des politiques budg\u00e9taires et des positions nationales concernant le financement de l\u2019UE figure parmi les priorit\u00e9s \u00ab oubli\u00e9es \u00bb du texte \u2013 un choix d\u00e9lib\u00e9r\u00e9 pour ne pas \u00ab effaroucher \u00bb l\u2019Allemagne et les autres pays dits \u00ab frugaux \u00bb ?<\/p>\n

Fragile, l\u2019industrie nucl\u00e9aire fran\u00e7aise se f\u00e9licite de la volont\u00e9 polonaise de recourir \u00e0 cette technologie pour d\u00e9carboner son \u00e9conomie et s\u00e9curiser son approvisionnement \u00e9lectrique, notamment en r\u00e9duisant la part du charbon. Intitul\u00e9 \u00ab\u00a0\u00c9nergie et coop\u00e9ration nucl\u00e9aire civile \u00bb, l\u2019article 9 exprime une ambition commune : construire de nouvelles centrales nucl\u00e9aires, qu\u2019il s\u2019agisse de r\u00e9acteurs de forte puissance ou de petits r\u00e9acteurs modulaires. Sans l\u2019exprimer ouvertement, les deux \u00c9tats esp\u00e8rent sans doute infl\u00e9chir la position de Berlin \u2013 jusqu\u2019ici arcbout\u00e9 sur son refus du nucl\u00e9aire \u2013 vers une attitude plus ouverte (comme l\u2019a laiss\u00e9 entendre le Chancelier Friedrich Merz). Dans un esprit de dialogue, ils r\u00e9affirment leur attachement \u00e0 la \u00ab\u00a0libert\u00e9 des \u00c9tats membres de d\u00e9terminer leur bouquet \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique\u00a0\u00bb, tout en s\u2019engageant \u00e0 respecter les objectifs de l\u2019Accord de Paris (2015) et \u00e0 contribuer \u00e0 la \u00ab\u00a0souverainet\u00e9 \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique\u00a0\u00bb de l\u2019Europe.<\/p>\n

Au total, plusieurs dispositions du Trait\u00e9 de Nancy sont consacr\u00e9es aux questions \u00e9conomiques, \u00e0 commencer par l\u2019article 6 d\u00e9di\u00e9 \u00e0 la \u00ab\u00a0Coop\u00e9ration \u00e9conomique, industrielle et num\u00e9rique\u00a0\u00bb. L\u2019inventaire des th\u00e8mes possibles pour la coop\u00e9ration couvre une palette, allant des transports (art. 8) \u00e0 la recherche scientifique (art. 11), en passant par la protection de l\u2019environnement (art. 7) et l\u2019agriculture (art. 10). Une telle liste conviendrait aussi pour la Syldavie (Tintin en Syldavie<\/em>, 1938)\u00a0!<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Une \u00ab\u00a0Journ\u00e9e particuli\u00e8re \u00bb ?<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Enfin, le choix du 20 avril comme Journ\u00e9e de l\u2019amiti\u00e9 polono-fran\u00e7aise (art. 15) pourrait susciter un certain scepticisme. Si cette date correspond au transfert des cendres de Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie au Panth\u00e9on (1995), elle co\u00efncide aussi avec l\u2019anniversaire…d\u2019Adolf Hitler. Plut\u00f4t que cette \u00ab\u00a0maladresse\u00a0\u00bb de calendrier, le 22 juillet \u2013 date du r\u00e9tablissement de l\u2019ind\u00e9pendance de la Pologne sous le nom de Grand-Duch\u00e9 de Varsovie par Napol\u00e9on Ier, en 1807 \u2013 aurait \u00e9galement pu constituer une r\u00e9f\u00e9rence symbolique plus forte pour instituer une telle Journ\u00e9e. Reste \u00e0 savoir si le pr\u00e9sident Karol Nawrocki, qui prendra ses fonctions en ao\u00fbt prochain, acceptera de signer la loi de ratification du Trait\u00e9.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Le trait\u00e9 d\u2019amiti\u00e9 franco-polonais sign\u00e9 \u00e0 Nancy le 9 mai dernier marque une nouvelle \u00e9tape dans l\u2019histoire des relations entre les deux pays. \u00c0 mi-chemin entre h\u00e9ritage europ\u00e9en et r\u00e9alit\u00e9s g\u00e9opolitiques, le trait\u00e9 suscite autant d\u2019espoirs que de doutes.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":30428,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[114],"tags":[1967,402,1964,1958,573,893,1968,1963,903,748,1961,753,1966,868,1960,1959,1962,161,1965,1969,1971,546,1970,1957,582],"ppma_author":[880],"class_list":["post-30432","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-politique-fr-2","tag-accord-de-paris","tag-aix-la-chapelle","tag-ambiguite-strategique","tag-amitie-franco-polonaise","tag-armement","tag-cooperation-bilaterale","tag-cooperation-scientifique","tag-diplomatie-parlementaire","tag-dissuasion-nucleaire","tag-donald-tusk","tag-duplication-franco-allemande","tag-emmanuel-macron-fr","tag-energie-nucleaire","tag-geopolitique","tag-heritage-europeen","tag-journee-de-leurope","tag-mecanismes-de-concertation","tag-otan","tag-partenariat-economique","tag-politique-budgetaire","tag-ratification","tag-souverainete-europeenne","tag-symbolisme-historique","tag-traite-de-nancy","tag-union-europeenne"],"yoast_head":"\nUne occasion rat\u00e9e ? 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