{"id":32529,"date":"2026-03-26T22:09:38","date_gmt":"2026-03-26T21:09:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dokdoc.eu\/?p=32529"},"modified":"2026-03-26T22:25:24","modified_gmt":"2026-03-26T21:25:24","slug":"il-y-a-encore-beaucoup-a-faire-replique-a-rolf-nikel","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dokdoc.eu\/fr\/2026\/03\/26\/il-y-a-encore-beaucoup-a-faire-replique-a-rolf-nikel\/","title":{"rendered":"Il y a encore beaucoup \u00e0 faire. R\u00e9plique \u00e0 Rolf Nikel"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"Pendant
Pendant la campagne \u00e9lectorale, Friedrich Merz avai annonc\u00e9 la signature d’un trait\u00e9 d’amiti\u00e9 germano-polonais. Les attentes \u00e9taient grandes lorsqu’il a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9lu chancelier. Ici lors de sa premi\u00e8re visite officielle \u00e0 Varsovie le 7 mai 2025 (Copyright : Alamy)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Les relations germano-polonaises sont plus stables qu\u2019on ne le dit souvent \u2013 mais stabilit\u00e9 ne signifie pas automatiquement dynamisme. <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

La <\/span>contribution de Rolf Nikel<\/span><\/a> se veut sur le fond tr\u00e8s<\/span> rassurant<\/span>e<\/span>. Sa th\u00e8se<\/span> \u2013 selon laquelle les relations germano-polonaises sont meilleures que leur r\u00e9putation \u2013 occulte toutefois <\/span>des<\/span> probl\u00e8mes <\/span>de premi\u00e8re importance<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

La Pologne attend des signes visibles <\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n

Actuellement,<\/span> on peut <\/span>en effet <\/span>difficilement parler d\u2019une dynamique politique dans les relations <\/span>bilat\u00e9rales<\/span>. <\/span>L<\/span>es consultations gouvernementales <\/span>qui se sont d\u00e9roul\u00e9es apr\u00e8s le<\/span> changement de pouvoir \u00e0 Varsovie ont <\/span>certes <\/span>\u00e9t\u00e9 <\/span>vues<\/span> comme le signe d\u2019une relance du dialogue<\/span> entre les deux pays<\/span>. <\/span>L<\/span>a r\u00e9union <\/span>qui a suivi<\/span> (<\/span>d\u00e9cembre 2025<\/span>)<\/span> n\u2019a<\/span> toutefois<\/span> engendr\u00e9 <\/span>ni impulsions politiques ni d\u00e9cisions concr\u00e8tes. La table ronde <\/span>depuis longtemps <\/span>annonc\u00e9e n\u2019a toujours pas eu lieu \u2013 sa date est sans cesse report\u00e9e.<\/span> S\u2019y ajoute le fait que <\/span>la fronti\u00e8re germano-polonaise<\/span> reste soumis \u00e0<\/span> des<\/span>contr\u00f4les de police, tout comme d\u2019ailleurs les autres<\/span> fronti\u00e8res ext\u00e9rieures de l\u2019<\/span>Allemagne. Ce n\u2019est pas <\/span>pass\u00e9 inaper\u00e7u en Pologne. Il <\/span>n\u2019est <\/span>certes <\/span>pas exclu que <\/span>des discussions <\/span>sur cette question <\/span>s<\/span>oient<\/span> actuellement men\u00e9es en<\/span> coulisses. Mais l\u2019\u00e9poque o\u00f9 la politique \u00e9trang\u00e8re pouvait \u00eatre <\/span>exclusivement <\/span>men\u00e9e de cette mani\u00e8re est r\u00e9volue. <\/span>Aujourd\u2019hui, et dans le contexte des <\/span>relations germano-polonaises, <\/span>il <\/span>importe<\/span> en premier lieu <\/span>que des discussions de ce type soient visibles des populations.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Au point mort<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n

Deuxi\u00e8mement<\/span>\u00a0:<\/span> l\u2019article de Rolf Nikel laisse largement de c\u00f4t\u00e9 les questions de s\u00e9curit\u00e9, pourtant primordiales en Europe centrale et orientale depuis le d\u00e9but de l\u2019agression russe contre l\u2019Ukraine<\/span> \u2013 ou bien s\u2019il les aborde, <\/span>alors comme s\u2019il ne s\u2019agissait que d\u2019un probl\u00e8me abstrait pour l\u2019Europe<\/span>.<\/span> Les raisons <\/span>permettant de comprendre<\/span> pourquoi nombre de Polonais n\u2019ont pas confiance dans la <\/span>politique allemande <\/span>ne sont pas<\/span> non plus <\/span>\u00e9voqu\u00e9es : l\u2019h\u00e9ritage de Nord Stream I et II, les <\/span>multiples <\/span>erreurs d\u2019appr\u00e9ciation \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard de la Russie, ou encore les retards dans les livraisons d\u2019armes \u00e0 l\u2019Ukraine. <\/span>Tout cela a<\/span> laiss\u00e9 des traces et continue<\/span> aujourd\u2019hui encore <\/span>de marquer les relations bilat\u00e9rales<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

\"Inauguration
Inauguration du gazoduc Nord Stream, le 8 novembre 2011 (Copyright : priv\u00e9)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

S\u2019agissant des questions symboliques qui, pendant plus de trois d\u00e9cennies, ont constitu\u00e9 un \u00e9l\u00e9ment central de la r\u00e9conciliation germano-polonaise, les choses sont au point mort. Le d\u00e9bat sur un monument d\u00e9di\u00e9 aux victimes polonaises de l\u2019occupation allemande \u00e0 Berlin <\/span>n\u2019a gu\u00e8re avanc\u00e9<\/span>, tout comme les discussions sur la future Maison germano-polonaise. Nikel mentionne certes <\/span>ces<\/span> projets mais de mani\u00e8re marginale et sans analyser ce que les retards persistants r\u00e9v\u00e8lent de l\u2019attitude allemande.<\/span><\/p>\n

Enfin, <\/span>il est difficile de<\/span> ne<\/span> pas voir que <\/span>l\u2019infrastructure institutionnelle du dialogue est<\/span>en train de s\u2019\u00e9roder<\/span>. Les initiatives et institutions qui, depuis des d\u00e9cennies, <\/span>soutiennent<\/span> les relations entre les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s perdent en <\/span>vigueur<\/span> ou disparaissent de <\/span>l\u2019attention.<\/span> Dans ces conditions, <\/span>on peut difficilement attester<\/span> la stabilit\u00e9 des relations par la <\/span>seule <\/span>coop\u00e9ration \u00e9conomique, qui reste pourtant intense.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"Un
Un lieu de m\u00e9moire en hommage aux victimes de la guerre d’agression et de l’occupation de la Pologne par l’Allemagne nazie a \u00e9t\u00e9 inaugur\u00e9 le 16 juin 2025 \u00e0 Berlin. Un m\u00e9morial permanent doit \u00eatre \u00e9rig\u00e9 ult\u00e9rieurement (Copyright : priv\u00e9)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\n

Cela ne signifie pas<\/span> remettre en cause les acquis du dialogue germano-polonais ni relativiser l<\/span>es<\/span> comp\u00e9tence<\/span>s<\/span> des personnalit\u00e9s qui l\u2019ont fa\u00e7onn\u00e9 <\/span>durant<\/span> des d\u00e9cennies. Bien au contraire : <\/span>c\u2019est <\/span>pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment parce que nous disposons d\u2019une g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de diplomates et d\u2019experts <\/span>riches<\/span> d\u2019une exp\u00e9rience exceptionnelle, <\/span>qu\u2019il est n\u00e9cessaire de<\/span> r\u00e9fl\u00e9chir \u00e0 la mani\u00e8re dont ce<\/span>lle-ci<\/span> pourrait \u00eatre mis<\/span>e<\/span> au service d\u2019un nouveau d\u00e9bat strat\u00e9gique \u2013 un d\u00e9bat qui tienne compte des r\u00e9alit\u00e9s de l\u2019Europe <\/span>d\u2019<\/span>apr\u00e8s 2022.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Relancer le Triangle de Weimar<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n

Dans ce contexte, le Triangle de Weimar m\u00e9rite \u00e9galement une attention renouvel\u00e9e. Rolf Nikel mentionne ce format sans <\/span>toutefois <\/span>apporter de r\u00e9ponse <\/span>quant \u00e0 la fa\u00e7on <\/span>dont<\/span> il pourrait \u00eatre <\/span>relanc\u00e9<\/span>. L\u2019ann\u00e9e 2026, qui marquera le 35<\/span>\u00e8me<\/span> anniversaire de <\/span>s<\/span>a cr\u00e9ation, offre une occasion <\/span>dont il conviendrait de se saisir<\/span>. Plut\u00f4t que de <\/span>se perdre dans<\/span> des gestes symboliques, il <\/span>serait utile<\/span> de<\/span> profiter de cet anniversaire pour<\/span> doter <\/span>le Triangle de <\/span>Weimar<\/span> d\u2019une nouvelle base institutionnelle et financi\u00e8re. <\/span>La cr\u00e9ation d\u2019un secr\u00e9tariat permanent ainsi que le soutien cibl\u00e9 \u00e0 des projets trilat\u00e9raux \u2013 id\u00e9alement sur la base d\u2019un fonds sp\u00e9cifique, sur le mod\u00e8le du groupe de Visegr\u00e1d \u2013 pourraient conf\u00e9rer au Triangle de Weimar une continuit\u00e9 qui lui a <\/span>du reste <\/span>souvent fait d\u00e9faut.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"Derni\u00e8re
Derni\u00e8re rencontre des ministres des Affaires \u00e9trang\u00e8res allemand, francais et polonais en format Triangle de Weimar. De \u00e0 gauche : Johann Wadephul, Jean-Noel Barrot, Radoslaw Sikorski, Paris, 7 janvier 2026 (Copyright : Alamy)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\n

Des initiatives existent d\u00e9j\u00e0. Des institutions comme la <\/span>Fondation Genshagen<\/span><\/a>organisent <\/span>par exemple <\/span>r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement des rencontres <\/span>en format France-Allemagne-Pologne<\/span> ; il existe <\/span>en outre<\/span> des programmes d\u2019\u00e9tudes <\/span>trilat\u00e9raux<\/span>, et <\/span>des progr\u00e8s important<\/span>s<\/span> ont <\/span>pu<\/span> \u00eatre <\/span>aussi <\/span>r\u00e9alis\u00e9s <\/span>dans le domaine de l\u2019\u00e9ducation historique. Les manuels d\u2019histoire communs germano-fran\u00e7ais et germano-polonais figurent parmi les grandes r\u00e9ussites de la politique europ\u00e9enne de m\u00e9moire. Ils montrent que les r\u00e9cits nationaux ne sont pas <\/span>n\u00e9cessairement <\/span>oppos\u00e9s et qu\u2019ils peuvent entrer dans un dialogue fructueux.<\/span> \u00c0 une \u00e9poque marqu\u00e9e par de nouvelles tensions g\u00e9opolitiques, des r\u00e9alisations de ce type pourraient avoir un impact au-del\u00e0 de l\u2019Europe, notamment dans des r\u00e9gions en conflit o\u00f9 les questions d\u2019histoire, de m\u00e9moire et d\u2019identit\u00e9 restent fortement politis\u00e9es. Le projet d\u2019un manuel d\u2019histoire germano-polonais-ukrainien s\u2019inscrit dans cette logique.<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

\"Copyright:
Copyright: Verlag Herder<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

Enfin, <\/span>il <\/span>faudrait aussi<\/span> se demander<\/span> s\u2019il ne serait pas possible <\/span>d<\/span>\u2019identifier <\/span>des lieux de m\u00e9moire communs, \u00e0 l\u2019image de ce que Tobias B\u00fctow, Corine Defrance et Ulrich Pfeil ont r\u00e9alis\u00e9 pour l\u2019Allemagne et la France dans leur ouvrage<\/span> r\u00e9cemment paru\u00a0:<\/span>63 lieux de l\u2019histoire franco-allemande. De 1870 \u00e0 aujourd\u2019hui<\/span><\/a>. De telles approches montrent le potentiel d\u2019une coop\u00e9ration approfondie.<\/span> Un renforcement <\/span>du Triangle de Weimar<\/span>,<\/span> \u00e0 la fois sur le plan <\/span>des institutions<\/span> et du contenu, pourrait ainsi non seulement <\/span>permettre d\u2019<\/span>approfondir les relations entre l\u2019Allemagne, la Pologne et la France, mais aussi contribuer <\/span>\u00e0 <\/span>renforcer<\/span> la capacit\u00e9 d\u2019action <\/span>de l\u2019Europe<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Nouvelles impulsions<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n

La question se pose \u00e9galement pour les relations germano-polonaises. Un \u00ab conseil des sages \u00bb<\/span> informel<\/span>, tel qu<\/span>e cela se pratique<\/span> \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelon europ\u00e9en, pourrait constituer une <\/span>premi\u00e8re <\/span>piste. Un organe compos\u00e9 d\u2019anciens diplomates, de responsables politiques et d\u2019intellectuels des deux pays, travaillant en dehors des contraintes de l\u2019actualit\u00e9, pourrait \u00ab penser sur le long terme \u00bb et formuler des recommandations que la diplomatie active \u2013 trop souvent li\u00e9e aux cycles politiques et aux consid\u00e9rations imm\u00e9diates \u2013 ne peut exprimer.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"Dans
Dans un camp destin\u00e9 aux Polonais d\u00e9port\u00e9s dans le cadre du travail forc\u00e9 (Copyright : Wikimedia Commons)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\n

Rolf Nikel montre d\u2019ailleurs qu\u2019un engagement de ce type <\/span>reste<\/span> possible et <\/span>qu\u2019il est d\u2019ailleurs <\/span>productif. <\/span>Lui-m\u00eame<\/span> a <\/span>en effet <\/span>pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 le groupe d\u2019experts germano-polonais mis en place \u00e0 la suite de la d\u00e9cision du Bundestag invitant le gouvernement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral \u00e0 cr\u00e9er un lieu de comm\u00e9moration pour les victimes polonaises de l\u2019occupation allemande (30 octobre 2020). Le r\u00e9sultat de leurs travaux a \u00e9t\u00e9 l<\/span>e projet de<\/span> Maison germano-polonaise, un projet d\u00e9passant le concept initial d\u2019un simple monument et visant \u00e0 mettre en dialogue m\u00e9moire, \u00e9ducation et \u00e9changes soci\u00e9taux.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Exp\u00e9rience et routine<\/strong> <\/span><\/h2>\n

Cette exp\u00e9rience montre que des instances informelles compos\u00e9es de personnalit\u00e9s exp\u00e9riment\u00e9es peuvent parfois permettre de r\u00e9aliser ce que la \u00ab diplomatie du quotidien \u00bb ne parvient pas \u00e0 faire seule : surmonter des blocages politiques, apporter un poids moral et susciter un d\u00e9bat public plus large. Aujourd\u2019hui plus que jamais, alors que les relations germano-polonaises doivent \u00eatre repens\u00e9es<\/span> et que nous comm\u00e9morons le<\/span> 35<\/span>\u00e8me<\/span> anniversaire de la signature du trait\u00e9 de bon voisinage germano-polonais<\/span>, une telle <\/span>initiative<\/span> est pertinente<\/span>,<\/span> et<\/span> n\u00e9cessaire.<\/span> Elle<\/span> serait<\/span> un sign<\/span>al<\/span> fort,<\/span> incarnant<\/span> une conscience<\/span> aig\u00fce<\/span> du pass\u00e9<\/span> et t\u00e9moignant de <\/span>la volont\u00e9 de <\/span>relancer<\/span> la relation <\/span>sur de<\/span>s<\/span> bases<\/span> consolid\u00e9es<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

L\u2019auteur<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n
\"Krzysztof
Krzysztof Ruchniewicz (Copyright: privat)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Krzysztof Ruchniewicz est <\/span>sp\u00e9cialiste<\/span> d\u2019<\/span>histo<\/span>ire<\/span> contemporain<\/span>e<\/span>. Depuis 2002, il est professeur au Centre Willy-Brandt pour les \u00e9tudes allemandes et europ\u00e9ennes de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Wroc\u0142aw ; de 2024 \u00e0 2025, il a dirig\u00e9 l\u2019Institut Witold-Pilecki \u00e0 Varsovie. Ses recherches portent sur l\u2019histoire de l\u2019Allemagne et les relations germano-polonaises au XX<\/span>e<\/span> si\u00e8cle, ainsi que sur la Public History et la Visual History. Il travaille \u00e9galement sur la recherche internationale en mati\u00e8re de manuels scolaires<\/span>.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

<\/h2>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Les relations germano-polonaises sont plus stables qu\u2019on ne le dit souvent \u2013 mais stabilit\u00e9 ne signifie pas automatiquement dynamisme.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":32509,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[114],"tags":[3504,878,3337,4029],"ppma_author":[4135],"class_list":["post-32529","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-politique-fr-2","tag-europaeische-integration-fr","tag-friedrich-merz-fr","tag-politique-de-securite-fr","tag-triangle-de-weimar-fr"],"yoast_head":"\nIl y a encore beaucoup \u00e0 faire. 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