{"id":32908,"date":"2026-05-12T10:00:03","date_gmt":"2026-05-12T08:00:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dokdoc.eu\/?p=32908"},"modified":"2026-05-12T20:44:58","modified_gmt":"2026-05-12T18:44:58","slug":"histoire-de-pacte","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dokdoc.eu\/fr\/2026\/05\/12\/histoire-de-pacte\/","title":{"rendered":"Des docteurs tr\u00e8s troublants"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"Sc\u00e8ne
Sc\u00e8ne de Faust devant la cave d\u2019Auerbach \u00e0 Leipzig. Sculpture de Mathieu Molitor (Copyright : Wikimedia Commons)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Du <\/span>Faust<\/span><\/em> de Goethe au docteur Mabuse de Fritz Lang, le motif du \u00ab pacte avec le diable \u00bb traverse la culture allemande \u2014 au point d\u2019avoir troubl\u00e9 jusqu\u2019\u00e0 Joseph Goebbels.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Qui n\u2019a jamais entendu cette boutade\u00a0? Deux vieilles dames, une Fran\u00e7aise et une Allemande, s\u2019entretiennent de culture\u00a0: <\/span>\u00ab\u00a0Vous connaissez le Faust de Goethe\u00a0?\u00a0\u00bb, demande l\u2019Allemande. \u00ab\u00a0Oui, bien s\u00fbr\u00a0\u00bb,<\/span> r\u00e9torque la Fran\u00e7aise un peu vex\u00e9e que l\u2019on doute de ses connaissances. Et aussit\u00f4t d\u2019ajouter\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0c\u2019est dr\u00f4le, mais nous, en France, nous pronon\u00e7ons le mot diff\u00e9remment, nous disons Gounod\u00a0\u00bb. Il est vrai que le nom du docteur \u00e9voque \u00e0 lui seul des tas de choses, selon qu\u2019on a lu, ou entendu parler, des \u0153uvres de Goethe, Thomas Mann, Heine, Lessing, Grillparzer, Val\u00e9ry ou Pouchkine. La question reste pos\u00e9e\u00a0: qui \u00e9tait ce Docteur Faust\u00a0?<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Des magiciens aux docteurs<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n

Le mythe de Faust pourrait remonter \u00e0 l\u2019Ancien Testament. Simon le magicien \u00e9tait un mage qui demanda aux ap\u00f4tres Pierre et Jean, en leur offrant de l\u2019argent, de lui conf\u00e9rer leur pouvoir de faire des miracles, ce que Pierre refusa. Ce r\u00e9cit n\u2019est pas repris dans le Nouveau Testament, mais le message demeure : le don de Dieu ne s\u2019ach\u00e8te pas.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"Simon
Simon le Magicien, les d\u00e9mons et la naissance de la vigne. Porte Mi\u00e8geville de la basilique Saint-Sernin de Toulouse (Copyright : Wikimedia Commons)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

Au IV<\/span>\u1d49<\/span> si\u00e8cle appara\u00eet la figure de Cyprien, un magicien repenti devenu \u00e9v\u00eaque et martyr. Puis vient, dans une dimension plus l\u00e9gendaire encore, celle du Faust historique : un alchimiste pr\u00e9nomm\u00e9 Georg, n\u00e9 vers 1507, vraisemblablement \u00e0 Knittlingen, en Souabe. Il fut ma\u00eetre d\u2019\u00e9cole, puis astrologue au service de l\u2019\u00e9v\u00eaque de Bamberg. Chass\u00e9 d\u2019Ingolstadt en 1528, il v\u00e9cut notamment \u00e0 Erfurt.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Du pied du diable \u00e0 Goethe<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n

Sa vie demeure mal connue. Plusieurs villes allemandes revendiquent l\u2019honneur de l\u2019avoir accueilli, et certaines lui consacrent m\u00eame un mus\u00e9e, notamment \u00e0 Knittlingen, sa ville natale, o\u00f9 l\u2019on trouve \u00e9galement un vin p\u00e9tillant (<\/span>Sekt<\/span><\/em>) portant son nom. \u00c0 la mairie de Staufen-en-Brisgau (Bade-Wurtemberg), o\u00f9 Faust aurait peut-\u00eatre pass\u00e9 ses derniers moments vers 1540 \u2013 sans que cela soit \u00e9tabli \u2013 subsisterait l\u2019empreinte du pied du diable, cens\u00e9 avoir bris\u00e9 la nuque du plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bre des docteurs allemands. Un d\u00e9tail toutefois : l\u2019h\u00f4tel de ville, cela est av\u00e9r\u00e9, fut construit bien apr\u00e8s la mort de Georg Faust.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"Place
Place de la mairie \u00e0 Staufen-en-Brisgau (Copyright : Wikimedia Commons)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

Rebaptis\u00e9 Johann en 1587, l\u2019astrologue devient le h\u00e9ros d\u2019un r\u00e9cit, le <\/span>Faustbuch<\/span><\/em>. Ce Livre de Faust, tr\u00e8s populaire en terre germanique et au-del\u00e0, inspirera Goethe, auteur de ce chef-d\u2019\u0153uvre publi\u00e9 en 1808 (<\/span>Faust I<\/span><\/em>) et en 1832 (<\/span>Faust II<\/span><\/em>). L\u2019\u0153uvre sera traduite \u00e0 plusieurs reprises en fran\u00e7ais par G\u00e9rard de Nerval (1808-1855) entre 1827 et 1840, illustr\u00e9e par Eug\u00e8ne Delacroix (1798-1863) en 1828, et mise en musique par Charles Gounod (1818-1893) en 1859.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Du pacte \u00e0 la trag\u00e9die<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n

L\u2019histoire est vite r\u00e9sum\u00e9e : confront\u00e9 \u00e0 une contradiction insoluble dans son raisonnement, du fait de l\u2019\u00e9tendue de ses connaissances, le docteur Faust consulte M\u00e9phistoph\u00e9l\u00e8s, qui lui accorde une seconde vie \u2013 \u00e0 condition qu\u2019il scelle un pacte par \u00e9crit. Ce contrat permettra \u00e0 Faust de poss\u00e9der toutes les connaissances et d\u2019acc\u00e9der \u00e0 tous les plaisirs. En contrepartie, il abandonnera son \u00e2me au diable.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"Accompagn\u00e9
Accompagn\u00e9 de M\u00e9phisto, Faust rend visite \u00e0 Marguerite dans le cachot. Lithographie de Joseph Fay (1812-1875) (Copyright : Wikimedia Commons)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

Intervient alors l\u2019\u00e9pisode de Marguerite (Gretchen), jeune fille \u00e0 laquelle Faust demande de verser un somnif\u00e8re dans le potage de sa m\u00e8re afin que les deux amants ne soient pas d\u00e9rang\u00e9s. Mais la m\u00e8re meurt. Le fr\u00e8re de Marguerite, voyant Faust s\u2019\u00e9chapper par la fen\u00eatre de la chambre, entend venger l\u2019honneur familial et le provoque en duel. Avec l\u2019aide de M\u00e9phistoph\u00e9l\u00e8s, Faust tue le fr\u00e8re. Il laisse derri\u00e8re lui une Gretchen enceinte, qui noie son enfant. Elle est arr\u00eat\u00e9e et condamn\u00e9e \u00e0 mort pour infanticide.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Le docteur Mabuse ou la tentation du mal<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n

Dans la litt\u00e9rature de langue allemande apparaissent encore des figures de \u00ab\u00a0mauvais docteurs \u00bb, sombres individus dissimulant leur perversit\u00e9 derri\u00e8re un titre sans en d\u00e9tenir les dipl\u00f4mes l\u00e9gitimes. L\u2019un d\u2019eux a particuli\u00e8rement fascin\u00e9 le public en Allemagne : le docteur Mabuse, m\u00e9galomane n\u00e9 en 1921 dans l\u2019imagination du journaliste luxembourgeois Norbert Jacques (1880-1954), auquel le cin\u00e9aste Fritz Lang (1890-1976) a, pour ainsi dire, donn\u00e9 ses lettres de noblesse en le pr\u00e9sentant comme le pr\u00e9curseur de certains personnages inqui\u00e9tants du XX<\/span>\u1d49<\/span> si\u00e8cle. Le ministre de la Propagande du r\u00e9gime nazi, Joseph Goebbels, aurait m\u00eame \u00e9t\u00e9 troubl\u00e9 au point d\u2019interdire la sortie de l\u2019un des films de Fritz Lang consacr\u00e9 \u00e0 Mabuse. Le roman de Jacques, <\/span>Le chimiste du Dr Mabuse<\/span><\/em>, publi\u00e9 en 1933, pouvait en effet \u00eatre per\u00e7u comme une sorte de mode d\u2019emploi de l\u2019Apocalypse \u2013 et, plus tard, comme une all\u00e9gorie de la terreur hitl\u00e9rienne.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"Affiche
Affiche du film de Fritz Lang, Dr. Mabuse, le joueur (1922) (Copyright : Wikimedia Commons)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

Mabuse pouvait \u00eatre jeune et sportif, p\u00e9p\u00e8re de province, artiste barbu, prince ou voleur, Fran\u00e7ais ou Allemand. Son nom, prononc\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019allemande ou \u00e0 la fran\u00e7aise, faisait de lui une figure europ\u00e9enne. Mabuse \u00e9tait avant tout le surnom que s\u2019\u00e9tait donn\u00e9 le peintre n\u00e9erlandais Jean Gossaert, n\u00e9 vers 1478 \u00e0 quelques kilom\u00e8tres de la fronti\u00e8re franco-belge, \u00e0 Maubeuge \u2013 \u00ab Mabuse \u00bb en flamand.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u2019auteur<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n
\"Portrait
G\u00e9rard Foussier (Copyright : priv\u00e9)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Form\u00e9 au journalisme au quotidien Westf\u00e4lische Nachrichten, G\u00e9rard Foussier a travaill\u00e9 pendant trois d\u00e9cennies \u00e0 la Deutsche Welle \u00e0 Cologne puis \u00e0 Bonn, avant d\u2019\u00eatre \u00e9lu en 2005 pr\u00e9sident du Bureau International de Liaison et de Documentation (B.I.L.D.). R\u00e9dacteur en chef de la revue bilingue Dokumente\/Documents pendant treize ans, il est \u00e9galement auteur de plusieurs ouvrages, dont Allemanderies (janvier 2023). Il poss\u00e8de la double nationalit\u00e9 et est titulaire de l\u2019Ordre du M\u00e9rite allemand (Bundesverdienstkreuz).<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

<\/h2>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Du Faust de Goethe au docteur Mabuse de Fritz Lang, le motif du \u00ab pacte avec le diable \u00bb traverse la culture allemande \u2014 au point d\u2019avoir troubl\u00e9 jusqu\u2019\u00e0 Joseph Goebbels.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":32909,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[119],"tags":[4561,153,4562,4571,3026,4558,4570,4554,4572,4559,4573,4569,2820,4566,4568,4560,4557,4563,4565,4555,4564,1292,4556,3275,4567],"ppma_author":[1735],"class_list":["post-32908","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-culture-fr-2","tag-alchimiste","tag-allemagne","tag-astrologie","tag-charles-gounod","tag-culture-europeenne","tag-docteur-mabuse","tag-eugene-delacroix","tag-faust","tag-faustbuch","tag-fritz-lang","tag-georg-faust","tag-gerard-de-nerval","tag-goethe","tag-gretchen","tag-infanticide","tag-joseph-goebbels","tag-litterature-allemande","tag-magie","tag-marguerite","tag-mephistopheles","tag-mythe","tag-nazisme","tag-pacte-avec-le-diable","tag-thomas-mann","tag-tragedie"],"yoast_head":"\nDes docteurs tr\u00e8s troublants - 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