{"id":33527,"date":"2026-07-08T10:00:05","date_gmt":"2026-07-08T08:00:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dokdoc.eu\/?p=33527"},"modified":"2026-07-12T20:48:50","modified_gmt":"2026-07-12T18:48:50","slug":"en-allemagne-lacces-au-logement-est-une-question-de-patrimoine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dokdoc.eu\/fr\/2026\/07\/08\/en-allemagne-lacces-au-logement-est-une-question-de-patrimoine\/","title":{"rendered":"En Allemagne, l\u2019acc\u00e8s au logement est une question de patrimoine"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"Taschenrechner
Copyright : Alamy<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Alors qu\u2019en France, environ 65 % de la population est propri\u00e9taire de son logement, ce chiffre n\u2019est que de 47 % en Allemagne. C\u2019est l\u2019un des taux les plus faibles en Europe.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

En Allemagne, rares sont les sujets de politique \u00e9conomique qui suscitent autant de d\u00e9bats que celui de l\u2019accession \u00e0 la propri\u00e9t\u00e9. C\u2019est notamment dans les grands centres urbains, l\u00e0 o\u00f9 la pression immobili\u00e8re est particuli\u00e8rement forte que la question rev\u00eat une importance cruciale pour de nombreux jeunes m\u00e9nages. Le d\u00e9bat se focalise souvent sur le co\u00fbt du cr\u00e9dit immobilier. Pourtant, un autre facteur m\u00e9rite tout autant d\u2019\u00eatre pris en consid\u00e9ration : la question de l\u2019apport personnel. Celle-ci se pose en effet souvent avant m\u00eame la souscription du premier emprunt.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Deux types de co\u00fbts <\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n

L\u2019acquisition d\u2019un bien immobilier engendre deux types de co\u00fbts. D\u2019une part, l\u2019acheteur doit contracter un pr\u00eat hypoth\u00e9caire qu\u2019il remboursera durant de nombreuses ann\u00e9es. D\u2019autre part, certains frais ne sont pas couverts par le cr\u00e9dit et doivent donc \u00eatre financ\u00e9s directement \u00e0 partir du patrimoine disponible. En Allemagne, il s\u2019agit g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement d\u2019une partie du prix d\u2019achat, des frais de notaire ainsi que des droits de mutation immobili\u00e8re. Ces deux types de co\u00fbts ne sollicitent pas les m\u00e9nages de la m\u00eame mani\u00e8re. L\u2019obtention d\u2019un pr\u00eat hypoth\u00e9caire suppose un revenu suffisant ; le financement des autres frais requiert, quant \u00e0 lui, un patrimoine. C\u2019est pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment l\u00e0 que se situe le c\u0153ur du d\u00e9bat actuel. Tandis que les uns mettent l\u2019accent sur le co\u00fbt du financement, les autres soulignent le niveau croissant du patrimoine requis pour acc\u00e9der \u00e0 la propri\u00e9t\u00e9. En r\u00e9alit\u00e9, ces deux arguments comportent tous deux une part de v\u00e9rit\u00e9.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Revenu stable, exigences patrimoniales en hausse<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n

Nos calculs montrent toutefois que ces deux \u00e9volutions n\u2019ont pas eu les m\u00eames effets sur l\u2019accessibilit\u00e9 \u00e0 la propri\u00e9t\u00e9. Depuis 1980, le rapport entre le co\u00fbt du cr\u00e9dit hypoth\u00e9caire et le revenu d\u2019un m\u00e9nage moyen ne pr\u00e9sente pas de tendance haussi\u00e8re. Autrement dit, les acqu\u00e9reurs d\u2019aujourd\u2019hui ne consacrent pas une part beaucoup plus importante de leur revenu au financement de leur logement que les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations pr\u00e9c\u00e9dentes. <\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"Copyright
Copyright : Gereon Staratschek<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

La situation est en revanche tout autre en ce qui concerne les exigences patrimoniales. Alors que, dans les ann\u00e9es 1980, les m\u00e9nages devaient \u00e9pargner en moyenne sept ans pour r\u00e9unir le capital n\u00e9cessaire \u00e0 l\u2019achat d\u2019un appartement, il leur fallait environ quatorze ans entre 2015 et 2024. L\u2019acc\u00e8s \u00e0 la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9pend donc aujourd\u2019hui davantage du patrimoine que du revenu. Ces exigences ne sont toutefois pas uniform\u00e9ment r\u00e9parties sur le territoire. Les obstacles sont particuli\u00e8rement importants dans les grandes agglom\u00e9rations autour de Munich, Berlin, Hambourg et en Rh\u00e9nanie. Dans l\u2019arrondissement de Starnberg (Haute-Bavi\u00e8re), par exemple, les m\u00e9nages doivent \u00e9pargner en moyenne 27,55 ans avant de pouvoir acc\u00e9der \u00e0 la propri\u00e9t\u00e9. \u00c0 l\u2019inverse, dans l\u2019arrondissement de Kyffh\u00e4user, en Thuringe, 3,79 ann\u00e9es suffisent.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Le patrimoine familial comme solution<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n

Cette situation a des cons\u00e9quences non n\u00e9gligeables. Le niveau \u00e9lev\u00e9 des co\u00fbts d\u2019entr\u00e9e ne complique pas seulement l\u2019acquisition d\u2019un bien immobilier ; il modifie \u00e9galement le profil des m\u00e9nages susceptibles de devenir propri\u00e9taires. Ces derniers d\u00e9pendent en effet de plus en plus du soutien de leur famille. Comme le montre une \u00e9tude des caisses d\u2019\u00e9pargne allemandes, les h\u00e9ritages et les donations repr\u00e9sentaient en moyenne 21 % de l\u2019apport personnel n\u00e9cessaire entre 2012 et 2017. Entre 2018 et 2021, cette part est pass\u00e9e \u00e0 31 %. L\u2019accession \u00e0 la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 tend ainsi \u00e0 devenir un privil\u00e8ge r\u00e9serv\u00e9 aux m\u00e9nages issus de familles ais\u00e9es.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"Copyright
Copyright : Gereon Staratschek<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

Une part importante de ces co\u00fbts d\u2019entr\u00e9e est constitu\u00e9e par les droits de mutation immobili\u00e8re. Ce sont pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment eux qui aggravent le probl\u00e8me de l\u2019accession \u00e0 la propri\u00e9t\u00e9. Selon les L\u00e4nder, les acqu\u00e9reurs doivent s\u2019acquitter d\u2019un imp\u00f4t repr\u00e9sentant entre 3,5 % et 6,5 % du prix d\u2019achat. Avec la hausse des prix de l\u2019immobilier, la charge fiscale augmente donc m\u00e9caniquement. Dans des villes comme Berlin ou Francfort-sur-le-Main, les m\u00e9nages doivent d\u00e9sormais \u00e9pargner plus de trois ans rien que pour pouvoir s\u2019acquitter de ces droits.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Une proposition de r\u00e9forme fiscale<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n

Pour enrayer cette \u00e9volution, il est indispensable de r\u00e9duire les co\u00fbts d\u2019entr\u00e9e. \u00c0 l\u2019Institut de Kiel pour l\u2019\u00e9conomie mondiale, nous proposons donc de supprimer les droits de mutation immobili\u00e8re et de compenser les pertes de recettes qui en r\u00e9sulteraient par une augmentation mod\u00e9r\u00e9e de la taxe fonci\u00e8re. La charge fiscale serait ainsi d\u00e9plac\u00e9e de l\u2019acquisition vers la d\u00e9tention des biens immobiliers. Les recettes publiques seraient pr\u00e9serv\u00e9es, tandis que les co\u00fbts d\u2019entr\u00e9e diminueraient sensiblement. Il ne s\u2019agirait donc plus d\u2019imposer l\u2019acquisition d\u2019un logement en propri\u00e9t\u00e9, mais sa d\u00e9tention.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Dans notre s\u00e9rie \u00ab Les grandes questions de notre temps \u00bb, des experts fran\u00e7ais et allemands analysent les grands enjeux des soci\u00e9t\u00e9s contemporaines.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

L\u2019auteur<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n
\"Copyright
Copyright : Gereon Staratschek<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Gereon Staratschek a obtenu son master \u00e0 la Paris School of Economics. Il travaille comme assistant de recherche pour le German Real Estate Index \u00e0 l\u2019Institut pour l\u2019\u00e9conomie mondiale de Kiel.<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n

Pour aller plus loin<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

Francisco Amaral\/Steffen Zetzmann\/Jonas Zdrzalek: \u201eDreaming of a Home: The Regional Divide in Housing Affordability\u201c, Kiel Policy Brief\u00a0210 (4\/2026), <\/span>Dreaming of a Home: The Regional Divide in Housing Affordability – Kiel Institute<\/span><\/a><\/u>.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

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Alors qu\u2019en France, environ 65 % de la population est propri\u00e9taire de son logement, ce chiffre n\u2019est que de 47 % en Allemagne. C\u2019est l\u2019un des taux les plus faibles en Europe.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":33528,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[115],"tags":[5094,4380,5079,5087,5089,5097,5083,5092,5081,5096,5093,5082,5098,5085,5084,5095,5088,5086,5091,5080,5100,5099,5090,5078,5077],"ppma_author":[5076],"class_list":["post-33527","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-societe-fr-2","tag-bezahlbarkeit-von-wohnraum","tag-deutschland-fr","tag-eigenkapital","tag-erbschaften","tag-familienvermoegen","tag-gereon-staratschek","tag-grunderwerbsteuer","tag-grundsteuer","tag-hypothekendarlehen","tag-ifw-kiel","tag-immobilienerwerb","tag-immobilienfinanzierung","tag-immobilienpreise-fr","tag-kaufnebenkosten","tag-notarkosten","tag-regionale-unterschiede","tag-schenkungen","tag-sparquote","tag-steuerreform","tag-vermoegensbildung","tag-vermoegensungleichheit-fr","tag-wohneigentum-fr","tag-wohnungsbaupolitik","tag-wohnungsmarkt","tag-zugang-zu-wohneigentum"],"yoast_head":"\nEn Allemagne, l\u2019acc\u00e8s au logement est une question de patrimoine - dokdoc.eu<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Alors qu\u2019en France, environ 65 % de la population est propri\u00e9taire de son logement, ce chiffre n\u2019est que de 47 % en Allemagne. 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